Sulfo-Polysaccarides

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=**__Definition:__**= A Sulfo-Polysaccaride is an active ingredient in brown algae (Cystoseira Canariensis Extract) that binds to myostatin and acts to inhibit activity in muscle (Wilborn, 2006). If the brown algae extract is not absorped intact it will not bind to myostatin and have no effect on muscle growth. Myostatin is a cytokine that inhibits the proliferation of satellite cells and differentiation of myoblasts(Wilborn, 2006). A loss of myostatin will cause over growth of muscle tissue. If the Sulfo-Polysaccharide binds to the myostatin this should cause increased muscle mass and better body composition.

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__ Sources: __
The only source of sulfo-polysaccharides is derived from a marine algae otherwise known as Cystoseira Canariensis. There is no sufficient research that shows sulfo-polysaccharides inhibit myostatin at all. Supplements market this protein in their product as a myostatin inhibitor, but there are no studies that prove it actually inhibits myostatin and increases muscle growth. The only proven source of mysotatin inhibition in humans is weight training itself. A study done in 2004 showed that when healthy male subjects engaged in intense weight training there was a drop in myostatin by 20%. The 20% decrease caused a 30% gain in strength and 12% gain in muscle mass.

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__** Recommendations: **__
Due to the lack of studies done on humans there is no recommendation for a certain population to take. In the future when studies give us a way to inhibit myostatin successfully it will be used in people who suffer muscular dystrophy and need the extra boost. If it is legal for anyone to do you may see it in athletes and bodybuilders or anyone who needs a performance boost. Being a muscle growth supplement this will not be recommended for aerobic athletes, but will be a huge benefit to anaerobic athletes in need of strength and power.

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__** Useage: **__
Due to lack of research there is no recommended useage of supplements that inhibit myostatin. They do not know the limits of the body when it comes to myostatin or what the potential side effects are if boundaries are crossed. There was one study published online testing the effectiveness of sulfo-polysaccharides in muscle growth which showed sulfo-polysaccharides had no effect on muscle growth at all, however the quantities were not specified.

=__**Side Effects:**__= Again due to lack of research there are no known side effects of the use of sulfo-polysaccharides. If they discover this supplement actually does inhibit myostatin you may see a rapid increase in muscle size and strength as well as delayed aging. This much muscle could be potentially bad for the body however because if the muscles and move the weight it doesn't mean the body can support it. You may see frequent tears in tendons and ligaments as well as broken bones due to too much stress.

=__Tested:__= A double blind study was performed on 22 untrained males to test whether cystoseira canariensis has any effect on mysotatin levels and muscle build. With out the subjects or doctors knowing who was given the placebo or the sulfo-polysaccharide, a 12 week study was done testing myostatin levels at 6 and 12 weeks. During the study the tested group was given 1200mg/d of cystoseira canariensis to see if it had any effect on myostatin levels. At the end of the study it was proven that cystoseira canariensis are ineffective at inhibiting myostatin thus have no effect on muscle build. (Willoughby, 2004).

**__Rank:__** Effective: 0/5 There is one study that proves poly-saccharides have no effect on myostatin and muscle build even after a 12 week period. Safety: 1/5 Due to lack of research they have not tested humans in a controlled environment to see how much the body can handle if any at all. Cost: 1/5 There are currently no forms of sulfo-polysaccharides on the market for the public to buy, however other myostatin inhibitors prices are through the roof and completely out of range. Ex: Myo-X (claimed myostatin inhibitor) costs $3.33 per serving. Ease of Use: 0/5 There are no forms of sulfo-polysaccharides available to the public to take. Total Score: 2/20 At this point I would not recommend this supplement to anyone because it still needs more research. There are no actual studies done testing specifically sulfo-polysaccharides so there is no evidence that they are safe or unsafe or what the effectiveness is. Once more studies have been done we can make better judgement on how well sulfo-polysaccharides work. =**__References:__**= LeBaron, T. (2011, June 10). Testosterone Booster Recommendation Report | Tyler LeBaron - Academia.edu. //Academia.edu - Share research//. Retrieved January 11, 2013, from []

Wagner, K. (2009, April 30). Myostatin-Related Muscle Hypertrophy - Abstract - Europe PubMed Central. //Europe PubMed Central//. Retrieved January 11, 2013, from http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/20301671

 Colin Wilborn, Lemuel Taylor, Et Al. (2006). Effects of Methoxyisoflavone, Ecdysterone, and Sulfo-Polysaccharide Supplementation on Training Adaptations in Resistance-Trained Males. //Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition//. 3, pp.19-27

Colker, C. (n.d.). Myostatin Inhibition | FLEX Online. //FLEX Online | The Ultimate Bodybuilding Information Resource//. Retrieved January 18, 2013, from [] Willoughby, D. (2004). Effects of an alleged myostatin-binding supplement and heavy resistance training on serum myostatin, muscle strength and mass, and body composition. //International Journal of Sports Nutrition Exercise Metabloism//, //14//(4), 461-472.

Myostatin (MSTN). Medpedia.